Palestinian terrorist attacks are not driven solely by the desire to kill as many Israelis as possible. Sometimes, the intent is to provoke a harsh Israeli response. Other times, the aim is to shore up public support or outbid rival Palestinian factions.

The distinction often is driven by ideological and political calculations. For example, Islamist groups often try to disrupt the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, whereas organizations affiliated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) are reticent when it comes to taking responsibility for some attacks, in order to maintain international legitimacy.

These are among the findings of a new study published by the Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS) about what drives Palestinian terrorism.

The peer-reviewed study uses data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) to analyze attacks according to various Palestinian terrorist perpetrators, including extremist Islamist groups, like Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ); secular-nationalist groups, such as Fatah and other PLO-affiliated groups; and unattributed assailants. After 2005, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict changed dramatically following Israel’s unilateral withdrawal from Gaza, and Hamas’ violent takeover of the Strip. But many of the study’s insights apply to recent developments.

Terrorist organizations often seek to outbid their competitors by escalating violence in order to signal their strength and determination. For example, organizational dynamics help explain last year’s PIJ-led missile barrage against Israel, as the Iranian proxy seeks to remain relevant and overshadow Hamas’ dominance in Gaza.

The TSAS study also focuses on how various Israeli government measures, including major concessions, and other conflict dynamics impact different types of Palestinian terrorist organizations.

After the first Oslo Accords were signed in 1993, Israel experienced a wave of deadly suicide bombings and other Palestinian terrorist attacks. Many of the most gruesome attacks seemed to occur in the lead-up to a major event associated with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. The TSAS study shows that Hamas and the PIJ significantly escalate violence shortly before peace negotiations or agreements.

From 1987 to 2004, Islamist terrorist groups also increased their average monthly attacks by 84% in the three months prior to Israeli elections, but only during left-wing Labor Party rule. And their strategy worked. In February 1996, a Hamas suicide bombing killed 23 Israelis, helping Likud Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu win national elections three months later, and disrupting the Taba peace negotiations in May.

These findings corroborate previous work that suggests Palestinian extremists strategically seek to spoil peace negotiations and sway the Israeli public to elect hawkish governments that further derail a peace process, which Islamist groups vehemently oppose.

Other types of indiscriminate Israeli concessions that reward the broader Palestinian population, like an Israeli military withdrawal or curfew lift, also lead to a slight uptick in attacks from emboldened Islamist factions.

Relatively more moderate Palestinian factions, however, are more likely to formally accept Israeli concessions and temporarily scale back violence to give the peace process some room for progress.

But more nuance emerges when analyzing unclaimed attacks.

Interestingly, most of the GTD’s coded attacks, including Palestinian terrorism, are unattributed, meaning there was no clear claim of responsibility. Some of these attacks, which are difficult to model, are carried out by people without an organizational affiliation, fueled by various factors including historic grievances, financial incentives, and systematic Palestinian incitement. The Palestinian Authority (PA) and other Palestinian factions often glorify suicide bombers as heroes, and encourage Palestinian youth to emulate previous terrorists.

Last week, the European Parliament passed a resolution that strongly condemned the PA for continuing to incite violence against Israelis in Palestinian textbooks. The PA also spends a considerable part of its budget paying salaries to suspected terrorists and their families, fueling generations of Palestinian attackers.

Unattributed attacks may also involve perpetrators with organizational ties. The TSAS study explains why some of these unclaimed attacks were likely directed or encouraged by Fatah or other PLO-affiliated groups. First, Islamist groups like Hamas and PIJ are more likely to take credit for an attack than secular nationalist organizations, perhaps because religious groups have more of an incentive to signal resolve to their strong social networks — or because they may be less fearful of retaliatory responses. Palestinian Islamist groups are also more likely to execute deadlier and well-planned attacks, which rarely go unclaimed.

Following the start of the peace process, Fatah and other groups associated with the PLO had more of an incentive to maintain plausible deniability for terrorist attacks, as moderate factions sought to gain legitimacy among the international community. However factions under the PLO umbrella continued to encourage supporters to increase costs on Israeli governments and seek further concessions.

Unattributed attacks were also more likely to occur during periods of left-wing government rule, supporting previous work showing that right-wing Israeli governments were generally more capable of deterring terrorist activity whereas Labor governments are perceived to offer more concessions.

Other Israeli government counter-terrorism responses are explored throughout the report. For example, widespread coercive measures, like checkpoints, curfews, or border closures, lead to a marginal uptick in attacks from across the Palestinian terrorist spectrum. On the other hand, direct concessions to Palestinian terrorists and suspected perpetrators — such as early prisoner releases — led to significant increases in Palestinian violence in the subsequent month.

Experts still debate which measures among Israel’s multi-faceted counter-terrorism approach, from defensive barriers to offensive operations, helped defeat the Second Intifada. But the TSAS study shows that major Israeli military campaigns during the violent uprising have a mixed record — reducing violence temporarily in some cases but not in others. Findings also show that discriminate repressive actions, like targeted killings or terrorist detentions, have no statistically significant effect on Palestinian terrorist violence in the short-term, compared to other factors. However, denial strategies, like hardening targets, are associated with a longer-term reduction in Palestinian violence. Israeli authorities recently foiled a potentially devastating Hamas terrorist plot after the terror cell deemed the initial target, Jerusalem’s Teddy Stadium, too difficult to penetrate.

Among all the variables considered, Israel’s security barrier along its West Bank border is the only measure associated with a major and consistent decline in Palestinian violence during the time period under study.

The report is also the first to identify seasonal fluctuations in Palestinian terrorism. The months March, April, and May are associated with a significant increase in extremist faction attacks. These spring months are characterized by low Palestinian agricultural harvests and good weather conditions that are ideal for planning attacks. Like other armed conflicts, terrorists and insurgents often have other jobs and responsibilities — such as farming and other roles in the agricultural sector, a major component of the Palestinian economy. But these three months also feature several major Jewish or Israeli holidays, including Passover, Shavuot, and Israel’s Independence Day.

Some of the most devastating Palestinian terrorist attacks have taken place during Jewish holidays in an effort to maximize civilian casualties and spread fear during family occasions. In March 2002, Hamas carried out a suicide bombing in a hotel in Netanya during a Passover celebration, killing 30 people and injuring 140 others.

Numerous, often overlapping, strategies continue to fuel Palestinian terrorist attacks, from degrading Israeli military capabilities to diverting attention from internal problems. While the terrorist threat is relatively low today, especially compared to the post-Oslo Accords period and the Second Intifada, Israeli security authorities continue to uncover and disrupt hundreds of plots each year.

Steven Emerson is considered one of the leading authorities on Islamic extremist networks, financing, and operations. He serves as the Executive Director of The Investigative Project on Terrorism, a non-profit organization that serves as one of the world’s largest storehouses of archival data and intelligence on Islamic and Middle Eastern terrorist groups.

The opinions presented by Algemeiner bloggers are solely theirs and do not represent those of The Algemeiner, its publishers or editors. If you would like to share your views with a blog post on The Algemeiner, please be in touch through our Contact page.