According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 2021 was a nadir in the history of American antisemitism, with the most recorded antisemitic incidents since the ADL began collecting data in 1979.

In the newly published book “Antisemitism on Social Media,” a group of scholars examines how Twitter, Facebook, TikTok, and other platforms may be fueling this rise, both in the United States and globally.

Co-edited by Sabine von Mering, Brandeis University professor of German and women’s, gender and sexuality studies, and Monika Hübscher, a PhD candidate at the University of Haifa, Israel, it is among the first comprehensive academic studies of the subject.

Here are some of the book’s major findings and conclusions:

Social media is helping extremist groups spread their message and recruit new members

In her chapter, the Southern Poverty Law Center’s Cassie Miller writes that today’s right-wing movement is a loose, messy, and decentralized conglomeration of groups, ideal for exploiting the loose, messy, and decentralized nature of social media.

When a group is banned on one platform, it can pop up on another platform or have another group carry the ball forward. Miller says that when the extremist US-based groups the Base and Atomwaffen Division collapsed in 2020, their absence “was hardly noticeable” on social media because other groups immediately filled in.

Miller traces how beginning in the early 2010s, members of antisemitic groups began a campaign on social media using the message “read siege,” a reference to a violently antisemitic text written by neo-Nazi James Mason in the 1980s.

Because the meme was coded, it wasn’t flagged as hate speech by social media platforms, and it spread widely. Eventually, a Twitter user who went by the handle @ReidSeej fooled the celebrity gossip columnist Perez Hilton into saying “read siege” in a Christmas video.

However, it’s important to point out that antisemitic content represents a tiny fraction of the traffic on social media. In his chapter in the book, Michael Bossetta, a researcher at Sweden’s Lund University, says that most studies find that antisemitic content makes up well under 1% of the total number of posts worldwide. In one major survey, it was as little as 0.00015%.

QAnon traffics in antisemitic tropes

Armin Langer, a Phd student at Germany’s Humboldt University, argues in the book that even if the QAnon movement doesn’t truck explicitly in antisemitism, its conspiracy theories still draw on historically antisemitic lore and themes.

Take the idea of the deep state. Langer traces its origins back to the late 18th century, when the Prussian Lutheran pastor Johann Heinrich Schulz accused Jews of walling themselves off from the larger societies in which they lived to form a “state within a state” (“Staat im Staate”), governed by its own religious laws.

In the infamous antisemitic tract, “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” the idea of a Jewish “state within a state” goes hand-in-hand with the concept of a Jewish world conspiracy.

TikTok exposes children to antisemitism

“TikTok has become a magnet and a hotbed for violent and extremist content,” the Israeli researchers Gabriel Weimann and Natalie Masri write in their chapter.

This is particularly alarming, they point out, because of the platform’s huge popularity with tweens and teenagers.

Weimann and Masri analyzed TikTok’s content between February and May of 2020 and 2021. They found a 41% increase in antisemitic posts, a 912% increase in antisemitic comments, and a 1,375% increase in antisemitic usernames.

Though the increases are large, the actual amount of content remains small when compared to the total amount of material on the platform.

But TikTok’s huge user base — over one billion —  means that even one post can reach a huge audience. An antisemitic song about Jewish people being killed in Auschwitz, for example, was accessed more than six million times worldwide.

Weimann and Masri are especially troubled that TikTok announced a crackdown on hate speech in October 2020, yet their findings showed that antisemitic material was still being posted.

Don’t engage with antisemites on social media

According to Brandeis University’s Sabine von Mering, you shouldn’t respond, share, repost, or engage with the material in any way.

Social media’s algorithms reward content that elicits user responses, even if those responses are negative. Even if you denounce an antisemitic post or call out the person who published it, you increase the likelihood that the content will be promoted on the platform.

Most platforms now have methods for reporting hate speech. Use those, as von Mering urged in an interview.

She also suggests finding ways to show empathy and solidarity with those being attacked, for example, by declaring your solidarity with them on your own page. Solidarity with victims of hate speech is very important, she said, and is one way to counter the unacceptable — and growing — spread of antisemitism online.

Lawrence Goodman is the editor of Brandeis University’s The Jewish Experience. This post is adapted from an article that originally appeared on The Jewish Experience, devoted to exploring the most pressing issues facing Jews and Judaism

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