Mayor of Rome Roberto Gualtieri and Mario Venezia, president of the Shoah Museum Foundation, unveiling the mural in Rome on Jan. 27, 2025. Photo: Provided

The Shoah Museum in Rome exhibited on Monday a mural depicting two of the last living Italian Holocaust survivors, newly acquired by the museum after the artwork was defaced three times and then completely painted over in the streets of Milan by antisemitic vandals.

The street artwork, painted by renowned Italian contemporary pop artist aleXsandro Palombo, portrays two real-life survivors of the Auschwitz concentration camp — Italian Senate member for life Liliana Segre and Italian author Sami Modiano. In the mural, the two Auschwitz survivors are wearing concentration camp uniforms underneath bulletproof vests that feature a Star of David with the word “Jude” in the center.

The mural, titled “Anti-Semitism, History Repeating,” was on view in Milan’s Piazzale Loreto and was unveiled in September 2024. In October, the Stars of David were partially vandalized. In November, the yellow Stars of David and the faces of the Holocaust survivors were scraped off of the mural. A month later, vandals painted over the entire mural with white paint, erasing it completely.

The mural has since been reproduced by Palombo and the Shoah Museum has now placed it in the Jewish ghetto of Rome, in front of the ancient structure the Portico d’Ottavia and under the plaque commemorating the roundup of Jews from the Roman Ghetto on Oct. 16, 1943.

“Art is the highest expression of freedom, and repeatedly attacking a work that portrays two survivors of Auschwitz highlights how the very value of democracy and all our freedoms is in danger,” said Palombo. He added in part that the “gesture of courage and resistance” displayed by the Shoah Museum in Rome and the Italian Jewish community “is a great and precious lesson in civilization for all of us” in combating antisemitic violence, hatred, and “these new forms of social and cultural terrorism.”

Now part of the museum’s permanent collection, the mural was unveiled outside the Portico d’Ottavia on Holocaust Remembrance Day, which this year marked the 80th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp. The mural will be on view outdoors in front of the Portico d’Ottavia until Feb. 2 and will then be permanently placed in the museum’s building, Casina dei Vallati.

“Having this beautiful mural here in Rome, on the eve of the [Holocaust] Day of Remembrance and on the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, is a very important signal,” said the Mayor of Rome Roberto Gualtieri. “It is the beginning of a new story, a tribute to these great witnesses, an act of justice and a dutiful commitment against antisemitism.”

“When we learned about the vandalism of the mural in Milan, we were overwhelmed with indignation,” added Mario Venezia, president of the Shoah Museum in the Italian capital. “A despicable and senseless gesture that not only strikes at art but attempts to wound the very heart of memory. However, we have chosen not to surrender to this symbolic violence. We transformed our anger into an act of beauty and resistance by contacting the artist, who was able to reinvent the work and create a new version in Rome.”

Venezia added, “This mural is our response: a wound that heals, a symbol that comes back to life stronger than before, because Memory cannot be defaced.”

Venezia, along with the mayor of Rome and a group of children from Roman schools, visited the site of the former Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland this week to commemorate Holocaust Remembrance Day.

Segre attended the unveiling of the mural in Rome on Monday and was accompanied by Israeli Ambassador to Rome Jonathan Peled, Chief Rabbi Riccardo Di Segni, Vice President of the Jewish Community of Rome Antonella Di Castro, and Noemi Di Segni, who is president of Ucei, the union of Italian Jewish communities.